B1-B2 GrammarB1+ Upper-intermediate

Past modal verbs of deduction

Explanation Exercises Downloads

Exercise 2

Exercises:1 2 3

Choose the correct option to complete the sentences below.

I'm sorry but Mr. Banks isn't here. He _______ left.

We really enjoyed the movie. You _______ come with us.

They _______ bought a new house. They are both unemployed.

He didn't study at all and passed the exam, so he ________ cheated.

My car isn't there anymore! It _______ stolen while I was shopping.

You _______ broken up with her; she was perfect for you.

He _______ killed him, but we need more evidence.

Alex _______ studied very hard, because she got top marks in all the exams.

'I can't find my keys.' 'Have you checked in your car. You _______ left them there.'

We _______ bought enough beer for the party.

Next Exercise

Past modal verbs of deduction: Grammar chart

A grammar chart explaining past modals of deduction, including "must," "can't," "may/might," and "should/ought to," with examples for present and past meanings.

Download full-size image from Pinterest

Modal verbs of deduction and speculation

We can use some modal verbs + an infinitive to talk about how certain we are that something is or is not true. We can also use some modal verbs + have + past participle to talk about how certain we are that something was or was not true in the past.

Must have done

We use must have + past participle to say that we are quite sure that something was true or happened in the past.

I can’t find my wallet! I must have dropped it in the taxi.
You must have had a real scare when you saw the crocodile.

Can’t have done

We use can’t/couldn’t have + past participle to say that we are quite sure that something did NOT happen or was NOT true in the past.

You can’t/couldn’t have seen John last night. He was in hospital.
She can’t/couldn’t have passed the test. She didn’t even open the books.

❗ Note that for negative deduction, we use can’t (NOT mustn’t)

He mustn’t be that famous.
He can’t be that famous.

Could/might/may have done

We can use could have + past participle to say that something was possible in the past or someone had the possibility to do something but didn’t do it.

You could have called me to say you weren’t coming. I waited for hours.

We can also use could/might/may have + past participle to say that it’s possible that something was true or happened in the past.

It’s been three days. They might/may have finished painting the house by now.
If they left at 9, they might/may have already arrived.

❗ Note that we use might not or may not (NOT could not) to talk about a negative possibility.

She might/may not have heard us. Knock again.

Should/ought to have done

We use should have/ought to have + past participle to talk about a situation expected to happen in the past. This form is normally used for criticism.

You should/ought to have already packed your things. We’re going to be late.
He should/ought to have studied more. Nobody fails if they study.

Ready to practice?

Put your knowledge to the test with interactive exercises (3 exercises available).