Clauses of contrast and purpose

Clauses of contrast and purpose: Grammar chart

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Clauses of contrast

Although, even though

We can use although/even though at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence followed by a clause (subject + verb). We NEVER use a comma after although or event though.

• Although/Even though we had a bad game, we won. 
• We won, although/even though we had a bad game.

However

We use however to connect two different sentences. We normally use however after a full stop (.) or a semi-colon (;). However should ALWAYS be followed by a comma.

• We didn’t like the hotel. However, we had a fantastic time. 
• We went to the beach; however, the weather wasn’t perfect. 

Despite/in spite of

Despite and in spite of are normally followed by a noun or a –ing verb. They can go at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence.

• Despite/In spite of the rain, we went to the concert.
• They arrived despite/in spite of leaving very early. 

We can use a clause (subject + verb) after despite/in spite of + the fact that.

• We went out despite/In spite of the fact that it was raining. 

Clauses of purpose

To + infinitive

The most common way to express purpose in English is to + infinitive.

• The student worked hard to pass the test. 

In order to/so as to + infinitive

In order to or so as to + infinitive are more common in formal English, mainly in writing. The negative forms are in order not to and so as not to + infinitive.

• We were asked to stay in order to finish the project. 
• He left home early in order not to be late.
• Use a plastic hammer so as to avoid damage. 
• They walked quietly so as not to wake up the children. 

So that + clause

We can also use so that + subject + verb to express purpose. We normally use a modal verb with this connector. (could, can, would, etc.)

• We left early so that we could park near the centre. 
• He made some flashcards so that it would be easier for his mum to remember the instructions. 

For + noun

We can also use for + noun to express purpose.

• We went to the bar for a drink.
• Would you like to go to the park for a run?